| English | 1. Texts, Contexts and Representations • Use relationships between texts, contexts, audience, purpose, values, attitudes, representations and meaning. Focus on how language, structure, medium, genre and mode shape audience response.• For harder questions, use unfamiliar stimulus texts, ask students to identify assumptions, values, audience positioning, representation and textual choices.2. Creating Texts for Context, Purpose and Audience • Use composition choices for purpose, audience, context, medium, voice, genre, structure, style, language features and conventions.• For harder questions, ask students to choose effective wording, revise a passage, or explain how a writing choice positions an audience. | 1. Text Connections and Perspectives • Use comparison of texts, perspectives, genres, modes, values, ideas, cultural assumptions, and how texts connect with or differ from one another.• For harder questions, compare how texts treat similar concepts, identify contrasting perspectives, and analyse language or structural choices.2. Responding and Producing Texts • Use analytical response, evidence selection, argument structure, text production, editing, genre, audience, purpose and context.• For harder questions, ask students to improve a response, select stronger evidence, or identify the most effective textual choice for a purpose. | 1. Comparative Textual Analysis • Use comparison of texts from similar or different genres and contexts, including language, structure, style, genre conventions, medium, mode, context, values and representations.• For harder questions, require comparison of how texts represent ideas, issues, concepts or perspectives through different forms, genres or contexts.2. Interpretation and Argument Development • Use analytical writing, interpretation, evidence, argument development, cohesion, comparison, audience, purpose and control of expression.• For harder questions, ask students to evaluate a thesis, select the strongest comparative evidence, or identify a more effective analytical structure. | 1. Critical Interpretation and Evaluation • Use critical interpretation and evaluation of texts, perspectives, values, cultural assumptions, language, form, structure, genre, context, mode, and audience positioning.• For harder questions, ask students to evaluate how texts invite particular readings or challenge assumptions.2. Independent Critical Response • Use sustained analytical writing, independent interpretation, evidence selection, argument control, structure, cohesion, clarity and evaluative judgement.• For harder questions, ask students to judge the strength of a response, refine a thesis, or improve analytical expression. |
| Literature | 1. Reading Literary Texts • Use close reading of poetry, prose fiction, drama or other literary forms; language, structure, style, narrative voice, imagery, symbolism, point of view and theme.• For harder questions, ask students to analyse how specific literary choices shape interpretation.2. Literary Forms, Conventions and Contexts • Use genre, form, literary conventions, context, values, reader response and how literary texts construct meaning.• For harder questions, compare how form or convention influences interpretation. | 1. Intertextuality and Connections • Use intertextuality, relationships between texts, genres, authors, readers, audiences and contexts; adaptation, transformation, influence and comparison.• For harder questions, ask students to identify how one text echoes, transforms, challenges or reframes another.2. Interpretive and Creative Responses • Use interpretation, analytical response, creative response, literary evidence, style, form, voice, perspective and reflective commentary.• For harder questions, ask students to evaluate an interpretive claim, select stronger evidence, or identify effective creative choices. | 1. Power of Literature • Use ways literature represents human experience, values, culture, ideology, power, marginalisation, voice, context and meaning.• For harder questions, require analysis of how literary texts shape, challenge or reinforce values and assumptions.2. Critical Interpretation • Use close analysis, critical interpretation, evidence, literary conventions, genre, context, theoretical or critical perspective where appropriate, and sustained analytical writing.• For harder questions, ask students to evaluate an interpretation or recognise how critical perspective affects reading. | 1. Dynamic Literary Interpretation • Use alternative readings, literary interpretation, critical perspectives, context, reader positioning, values, genre, form, language and textual evidence.• For harder questions, ask students to evaluate how different readings are produced and defended.2. Critical and Creative Writing • Use critical essay writing, creative transformation, voice, style, form, perspective, evidence, reflective commentary, cohesion and literary judgement.• For harder questions, ask students to improve a critical response, evaluate a creative transformation, or justify stylistic choices. |
| English as an Additional Language or Dialect (EAL/D) | 1. Language, Culture and Context • Use Standard Australian English, language, culture, communication, context, audience, purpose, identity, register, and interpretation of spoken, written, visual, multimodal and digital texts.• For harder questions, ask students to explain how language choices reflect audience, purpose and cultural context.2. Creating Clear Texts • Use clear written, spoken, visual or multimodal communication for audience, purpose and context, with attention to vocabulary, grammar, cohesion, structure and register.• For harder questions, ask students to improve expression, choose precise wording, or adapt tone for a context. | 1. Interpreting Texts • Use interpretation of ideas, perspectives, language choices, text structures, context, purpose, audience, cultural assumptions, and meaning in accessible senior texts.• For harder questions, ask students to infer viewpoint, compare perspectives, or analyse how structure supports meaning.2. Responding and Presenting • Use structured written or spoken responses, presentation skills, audience, purpose, context, supporting evidence, organisation and clarity.• For harder questions, ask students to select stronger evidence, improve organisation, or refine expression for audience. | 1. Analysing Public and Academic Texts • Use public, academic, community and media texts; viewpoints; structure; evidence; register; audience; purpose; language choices; cultural assumptions; and interpretation.• For harder questions, ask students to analyse how a public or academic text positions an audience.2. Formal and Controlled Writing • Use formal writing, argument, explanation, evidence, structure, cohesion, clarity, register, vocabulary and grammar control.• For harder questions, ask students to improve a formal response or choose more precise expression. | 1. Evaluating Texts and Issues • Use comparison of perspectives, issue-based texts, reliability, credibility, evidence, bias, audience, purpose, viewpoint and effect.• For harder questions, ask students to evaluate reliability, compare perspectives, or judge how effectively a text presents an issue.2. Extended Communication • Use extended written, spoken, visual or multimodal communication, structure, evidence, cohesion, register, editing, refinement and adaptation for purpose.• For harder questions, ask students to refine language, improve cohesion, or adapt a response for a different audience. |