| Chemistry | 1. Atomic Structure and Periodicity • Use atomic structure, isotopes, relative atomic mass, electron configuration, shells, subshells, orbitals at syllabus level, ion formation, the periodic table, periodic trends, and substance-property reasoning.• For harder questions, include periodic trend interpretation, electron configuration reasoning, isotope data, ion formation, data tables, model comparison, and evidence-based reasoning about atoms and elements.2. Chemical Bonding and Structure • Use ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, Lewis structures, molecular shape, polarity, intermolecular forces, lattices, bonding models, and links between structure and physical properties.• For harder questions, include bonding diagrams, structure-property explanation, physical-property data, molecular shape/polarity reasoning, and model limitations.3. Chemical Reactions and Energy • Use chemical reactions, balanced equations, state symbols, reaction classification, exothermic and endothermic reactions, energy profile diagrams, enthalpy change, calorimetry, and introductory stoichiometric links.• For harder questions, include energy profile interpretation, calorimetry data, balanced equation reasoning, multi-step energy calculations, and experimental evidence.4. Science Inquiry Skills • Use WACE Chemistry science inquiry skills: research question, hypothesis, variables, risk, method design, data collection, uncertainty, graphing, analysis, conclusion, validity, reliability, and improvements.• For harder questions, include experimental scenarios related to structure, bonding or reactions, interpreting uncertainty, judging method validity, identifying limitations, and evidence-based conclusions. | 1. Molecular Interactions and Properties • Use polarity, intermolecular forces, hydrogen bonding, dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, solubility, dissolution, structure-property relationships, and physical properties of molecular substances and solutions.• For harder questions, include intermolecular force comparisons, physical-property data, solubility reasoning, graph interpretation, and model assumptions.2. Quantitative Chemistry • Use mole concept, molar mass, empirical and molecular formulas where appropriate, balanced equations, stoichiometry, limiting reagents, percentage yield, concentration, dilution, gas laws, and solution calculations.• For harder questions, include multi-step stoichiometry, limiting reagent reasoning, gas-law calculations, concentration/dilution problems, data-table interpretation, and checking reasonableness of chemical quantities.3. Aqueous Chemistry and Reaction Rates • Use aqueous solutions, precipitation reactions, acid-base reactions, redox reactions at introductory level, reaction rates, collision theory, effects of temperature, concentration, surface area and catalysts, and experimental measurement of rates.• For harder questions, include rate graphs, experimental rate data, ion identification, solubility reasoning, acid-base/redox observations, and method evaluation.4. Science Inquiry Skills • Use WACE Chemistry science inquiry skills related to molecular interactions, quantitative chemistry, or reactions: variables, controls, method design, data collection, uncertainty, graphing, analysis, conclusion, validity, reliability, and improvements.• For harder questions, include experimental scenarios, interpreting uncertainty, judging method validity, identifying limitations, improving investigations, and evidence-based conclusions. | 1. Chemical Equilibrium • Use reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium, equilibrium position, Le Chatelier's principle, equilibrium constants, equilibrium calculations, and industrial/environmental equilibrium contexts.• For harder questions, include equilibrium tables, graphs, stress-response reasoning, K expression interpretation, multi-step equilibrium reasoning, and evaluating assumptions.2. Acids and Bases • Use acid-base theories, strong and weak acids and bases, pH, pOH, Ka/pKa where appropriate, buffers, neutralisation, indicators, titration curves, and volumetric analysis.• For harder questions, include titration data, pH calculations, buffer reasoning, acid-base equilibrium interpretation, indicator selection, multi-step volumetric calculations, and method evaluation.3. Electrochemistry • Use oxidation numbers, oxidation and reduction, redox equations, electrochemical cells, galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, cell potentials where appropriate, electron transfer, and applications of electrochemistry.• For harder questions, include cell diagrams, half-equation balancing, interpreting electrochemical data, redox titration reasoning, and evaluating electrochemical applications.4. Science Inquiry Skills • Use WACE Chemistry science inquiry skills related to equilibrium, acids and bases, or electrochemistry: variables, controls, method design, data collection, uncertainty, graphing, analysis, conclusion, validity, reliability, and improvements.• For harder questions, include titration/equilibrium/redox experiment scenarios, uncertainty, graph analysis, method critique, data interpretation, and improvements. | 1. Organic Structure and Properties • Use organic structures, functional groups, homologous series, IUPAC naming, structural formulas, isomerism, volatility, solubility, intermolecular forces in organic compounds, and structure-property relationships.• For harder questions, include structural formula interpretation, isomer comparison, functional group identification, property trend data, and explanation of structure-property relationships.2. Reaction Pathways and Synthesis • Use organic reaction types, reaction pathways, synthesis design, polymers, functional group transformations, reagents and conditions at syllabus level, yield, atom economy or sustainability where appropriate, and design of useful organic materials.• For harder questions, include reaction pathway completion, reagent/product identification, synthesis planning, polymer reasoning, yield or atom economy calculations, and sustainability evaluation.3. Analytical Techniques and Chemical Analysis • Use qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, NMR where appropriate to syllabus scope, structural analysis, and applying chemical data to identify or evaluate substances.• For harder questions, include chromatogram interpretation, spectra interpretation, structural deduction from multiple data sources, concentration analysis, and method selection.4. Materials and Applications • Use materials properties, polymers, useful organic or inorganic materials, environmental chemistry, industrial applications, sustainability, and interpretation of chemical applications.• For harder questions, include material-property comparisons, environmental or industrial data, sustainability evaluation, application trade-offs, and evidence-based reasoning.5. Science Inquiry Skills • Use WACE Chemistry science inquiry skills related to organic chemistry, analysis or materials: analysing primary or secondary data, uncertainty, source evaluation, model evaluation, graphing, conclusion validity, reliability, limitations, and improvements.• For harder questions, include secondary data, spectra/chromatogram data, competing claims, source limitations, evidence comparison, model evaluation, and evidence-based conclusions. |
