| Chemistry | 1. How do the chemical structures of materials explain their properties and reactions? • Use atomic structure, isotopes, electron configuration, periodic table trends, metals, ionic compounds, covalent molecular substances, covalent network lattices, carbon compounds, metallic lattices, bonding models, structure-property relationships, and chromatography of mixtures.• For harder questions, include structure-property explanation, periodic trend interpretation, bonding diagrams, data tables, chromatography results, experimental evidence, and model limitations.2. How are materials quantified and classified? • Use mole quantities, molar mass, empirical and molecular formulas where appropriate, systematic nomenclature for organic compounds, carbon compounds, functional groups at introductory level, polymers, designed materials, and consequences for human health and the environment.• For harder questions, include mole calculations, formula interpretation, organic naming, polymer structure-property reasoning, atom economy ideas at introductory level, data interpretation, and sustainability evaluation.3. How can chemical principles be applied to create a more sustainable future? • Use applications of chemical knowledge to sustainable production or use of a selected material, green chemistry principles, sustainable development, circular economy, environmental and human health impacts, and evidence-based evaluation.• For harder questions, include source evaluation, sustainability trade-offs, data interpretation, claim-evidence-reasoning, investigation planning, comparison of alternatives, and communication of chemical principles. | 1. How do chemicals interact with water? • Use water structure and bonding, polarity, hydrogen bonding, solvent behaviour, solubility, acid-base reactions, redox reactions, applications of acids/bases/redox in society, water properties, and environmental water contexts.• For harder questions, include molecular diagrams, solution reasoning, acid-base/redox equations, data interpretation, experimental observations, and applications to society or the environment.2. How are chemicals measured and analysed? • Use solution concentration, dilution, solubility, volumetric analysis, titration concepts, instrumental techniques, analysis of acids, bases and salts, balanced equations, and stoichiometric calculations.• For harder questions, include multi-step concentration and stoichiometry calculations, titration data, uncertainty, solubility prediction, method selection, and interpretation of analytical results.3. How do quantitative scientific investigations develop our understanding of chemical reactions? • Use student-adapted or student-designed investigations related to gas production, acid-base reactions, redox reactions, or analysis of substances in water.• For harder questions, include investigable questions, hypotheses, variables, method design, data tables, graphs, uncertainty, limitations, conclusion validity, and evidence-based interpretation. | 1. What are the current and future options for supplying energy? • Use energy transformations, fuels, combustion, thermochemical equations, calorimetry, redox reactions, galvanic cells, fuel cells, energy efficiency, renewable and non-renewable energy options, sustainability, and quantitative energy calculations.• For harder questions, include calorimetry data, electrochemical cell diagrams, redox equations, energy yield comparisons, fuel sustainability evaluation, graph/table interpretation, and multi-step stoichiometry or energy calculations.2. How can the rate and yield of chemical reactions be optimised? • Use collision theory, reaction rates, catalysts, equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, extent and yield of reaction, industrial optimisation, electrolysis, production of useful chemicals, and sustainability of electrolytic processes.• For harder questions, include rate graphs, equilibrium tables, reaction quotient style reasoning only if appropriate to VCE scope, electrolysis diagrams, Faraday-style quantitative reasoning if in scope, yield optimisation trade-offs, and evaluation of industrial processes.3. How is scientific inquiry used to investigate sustainable production of energy and materials? • Use scientific inquiry skills applied to sustainable production of energy and/or materials, including investigation questions, hypotheses, variables, methods, primary data, secondary data, analysis, conclusions, uncertainty, limitations, and improvements.• For harder questions, include calorimetry or process-design investigation scenarios, method evaluation, data analysis, uncertainty, and evidence-based conclusions. | 1. How are organic compounds categorised and synthesised? • Use general structures and reactions of major organic families, functional groups, IUPAC nomenclature, structural isomerism, organic reaction types, reaction pathways, organic synthesis, atom economy, and sustainability of manufacturing organic compounds.• For harder questions, include structural formula interpretation, reaction pathway design, reagent/product identification, isomer comparison, atom economy calculations, and sustainability evaluation.2. How are organic compounds analysed and used? • Use qualitative and quantitative tests for organic compounds, structural characteristic analysis, chromatography, spectroscopy, instrumental analysis data, deduction of organic structures, medicines, and extraction/purification of natural medicines.• For harder questions, include spectra interpretation, chromatogram interpretation, structural deduction from multiple data sources, functional group tests, quantitative analysis, and evaluation of extraction/purification methods.3. How is scientific inquiry used to investigate the sustainable production of energy and/or materials? • Use student-designed practical investigation skills related to sustainable production of energy and/or materials, including controlled experiments, modelling, product/process/system development, primary data, data analysis, conclusions, limitations, and communication.• For harder questions, include experimental scenarios, method validity, data tables, graphs, uncertainty, evaluating conclusions, and proposing improvements. |
