| Chemistry | 1. Materials and their Atoms • Use properties and uses of materials, pure substances and mixtures, separation techniques, nanomaterials, atomic structure, atomic number, mass number, isotopes, relative atomic mass, Avogadro's number, the mole, electron configuration, and periodic table organisation.• For harder questions, include atomic structure data, isotope/relative atomic mass calculations, mixture separation reasoning, material-property data, electron configuration, and evidence-based reasoning about materials.2. Combinations of Atoms • Use ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, valence electrons, ions, formula writing, Lewis structures at Stage 1 level, molecular and lattice structures, metallic properties, and structure-property relationships.• For harder questions, include bonding diagrams, formula interpretation, lattice/property reasoning, comparing bonding models, and explaining properties from structure.3. Molecules • Use molecular polarity, shapes of molecules, intermolecular forces, dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, solubility reasoning, boiling and melting point trends, and introductory molecular organic structures where appropriate.• For harder questions, include molecular-shape diagrams, polarity reasoning, intermolecular force comparisons, property-trend data, and structure-property explanations.4. Mixtures and Solutions • Use homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, solution formation, solubility, concentration, molarity, dilution, separation techniques, chromatography, and solution preparation.• For harder questions, include concentration/dilution calculations, solubility data, chromatogram interpretation, mixture separation choices, and method evaluation.5. Acids and Bases • Use properties of acids and bases, pH, indicators, neutralisation, acid-metal reactions, acid-carbonate reactions, salts, simple titration ideas, and everyday applications.• For harder questions, include pH interpretation, acid-base reaction equations, titration-style data at Stage 1 level, indicator choice, and experimental observations.6. Redox Reactions • Use oxidation, reduction, electron transfer, oxidation numbers at introductory level, metal reactivity, displacement reactions, corrosion, simple electrochemical ideas, and applications of redox reactions.• For harder questions, include identifying oxidised/reduced species, simple half-equation reasoning, reactivity data, corrosion scenarios, and evidence-based redox explanations.7. Science Inquiry Skills • Use SACE Chemistry science inquiry skills: research question, hypothesis, variables, risk, method design, data collection, uncertainty, graphing, analysis, conclusion, validity, reliability, and improvements.• For harder questions, include experimental scenarios, interpreting uncertainty, judging method validity, identifying limitations, improving investigations, and evidence-based conclusions. | 1. Environmental Monitoring and Atmospheric Chemistry • Use monitoring the environment, atmospheric chemistry, greenhouse gases, climate-related chemistry, photochemical smog, environmental pollution, and chemical evidence for environmental change.• For harder questions, include environmental data, atmospheric reaction reasoning, graph/table interpretation, source evaluation, and evidence-based environmental conclusions.2. Analytical Chemistry and Monitoring • Use volumetric analysis, chromatography, atomic spectroscopy, qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, calibration curves, concentration measurement, and monitoring chemical species in environmental contexts.• For harder questions, include chromatogram interpretation, spectroscopy/calibration data, titration calculations, concentration analysis, method selection, uncertainty, and analytical method evaluation.3. Reaction Rates and Equilibrium • Use reaction rates, collision theory, catalysts, temperature, concentration, pressure for gases where appropriate, dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, equilibrium yield, and optimisation of chemical processes.• For harder questions, include rate graphs, equilibrium tables, stress-response reasoning, yield optimisation, industrial-process trade-offs, and graph/data interpretation.4. Optimising Chemical Processes • Use optimisation of chemical processes, yield, rate, safety, cost, energy use, atom economy, industrial process conditions, green chemistry and sustainability of chemical production.• For harder questions, include process-design data, comparing conditions, yield/efficiency calculations, sustainability trade-offs, and evidence-based process evaluation.5. Organic Structure and Reactions • Use organic molecular structures, functional groups, IUPAC naming, isomerism, organic reaction types, reaction pathways, reagents and products at SACE Stage 2 level.• For harder questions, include structural formula interpretation, reaction pathway completion, reagent/product identification, isomer comparison, and structure-reactivity reasoning.6. Biological Chemistry and Biomolecules • Use carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids, condensation/hydrolysis reactions, enzymes at chemistry level, biomolecule structure and function, and links between organic chemistry and biological molecules.• For harder questions, include biomolecule structure interpretation, functional group identification, reaction pathway reasoning, structure-function relationships, and analytical data.7. Electrochemistry and Redox Applications • Use oxidation and reduction, oxidation numbers, electrochemical cells, galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, batteries, corrosion, electrochemical resources and applications.• For harder questions, include cell diagrams, half-equation balancing, interpreting electrochemical data, redox titration reasoning, corrosion-prevention evaluation, and resource-management contexts.8. Materials, Resources and Sustainability • Use materials, polymers, chemical resources, resource management, recycling, industrial applications, environmental impact, sustainability, and chemical decision-making.• For harder questions, include material-property comparisons, lifecycle or resource data, sustainability trade-offs, environmental evidence, and evaluating chemical applications.9. Science Inquiry Skills • Use SACE Chemistry science inquiry skills related to environmental monitoring, chemical processes, organic/biological chemistry or resource management: analysing primary or secondary data, uncertainty, source evaluation, model evaluation, graphing, conclusion validity, reliability, limitations, and improvements.• For harder questions, include secondary data, spectra/chromatogram data, competing claims, source limitations, evidence comparison, model evaluation, and evidence-based conclusions. |
